European Exploration of America

By the year 1000 (A.D), millions of American Indians lived in America. At the same time, other groups of people lived in Europe. The peoples of the Americas and of Europe knew nothing about each other.

After the year 1000; all this changes.

1 Vikings from Norway sailed from settlements in Greenland and landed on eastern edge of North America, probably in Newfoundland

2 Then in 1492, an Italian named Christopher Columbus led three shiploads of Spaniards to an island off the tip of Florida

3 During the next 250 years, thousands of Europeans explored and settled in North America.

THE VIKINGS

About the year 1000, a man from Norway, Leif Eriksson, decided to see if an old story told by his father was true. The history was this:

A Norseman, Bjarni Herjolsson, set out to sail from iceland to Grennland. This were two island in the North Atlantic Ocean, that the belonged to the Norse. Herjolsson lost his way. When he finally sighted land, he knew it was not his goal. So, he turned North and finally found his way to Greenland.

Leif Ericksson wanted to learn if this old story was true. He sailed with his crew west and South from Greenland. This old Norse story describes what happened when Ericksson and his crew sighted land:

At ebb tide the ship went a ground. They were so curious to go ashare that they couldn´t wait until high water floated their ship, but hurried to the land where a river flowed from a lake into the sea.

The decided to stay for the winter and they built a large house.

The qualities of the surroundding country were so good that they belived there would be no shortoge a cattle fodder in the winter time. No frost came in winter and the grass withered only a little.

When they had built their house Leif said to his

1) This part shall remain at home

2) " " goes exploring

One evening a man was missing from one of the parties. This was Tyrker the southerner.

Leif gave Tyker´s companions an order to made an expedition in search of him by twelve men.

They had gone only a short was from the hall, when Tyrker came to meet them.

Tyrker said: "I have walked not much farther than here but I have something interesting to relate". " I have found vines and grapes"

Then they called this land Vinland.For a long time, people thought this story was a folktale . But now the archeologists have studied the land of Newfoundland. That´s the land where many belive Eriksson landed.

Columbus: Admiral of the Ocean sea

In 1492, Christopher Columbus, an Italian mapmarker and sailor, wanted to prove a point.

He wanted to show the people of Europe that they could get the riches of Chine and Japan in quick easy way.

The Europeans placed great value on the gold, silk and spices of China an Japan.

In the 1400´s, merchants brought these riches over a long, dangerous route.

The route wound throught thousands of miles of Asian mountains and desserts.

Columbus anted to sail west on the Atlantic Ocean

He belived he would go around to world and reach Asia. Others believed the world was far too large to mak such a trip worthwhile

The city of Cahokia

Six thousand years ago American Indian groups got Food by hunting, fishing, and gathering the fruit of wild plants. In time, a few groups began growing some food themselves. American Indians planted and harvested corn, beans and squash.

Cahokia is located in the southern Illinois. It is few miles from the city of St Louis Missouri. All around Cahokia are mounds, or hills, that people made American Indians built mounds by piling up thousands of basket loads of dirt.

In the late 1960s archeologist digging at Cahokia found a grave in the grave were the bones of a man, the bones rested on piles of beads made of Ocean shells. Nearby were two rolled sheets of copper and two bushels of Mica.

Mica is a material that can easily be seen through. People made it into ornaments

3er Bimester

Ø Natural Vegetation Regions

Ø American Indians

v The First Americans

v The City of Cahokia

v The Cheyenne

v Algonkians of The Coastal Plain

Ø European Exploration of America

v The Vikings

v Columbus: Admiral of The Ocean Sea

Ø Settlement

v The Spanish Colonies

v French, Dutch, and Swedish Colonies

v Jamestown

v The general Assembly of Virginia

The region whose eastern edges touch the coastal plain in many places is called the Appalachian Highlands. It has high hills and low, rounded mountains, they touch the waters of the Atlantic Ocean in the north.

To the South, they form a barrier that separates the Coastal Plain form a third region called Eastern Plains. It is made up of flat lands or gently rolling hills.

The Great Plains Region, to the west of the Eastern Plains, Streches from the Canadian Border to the Mexican Border.

The Coastal Plains, the Eastern Plains and the Great Plains form one of the largest Streches of flat land in the world.

AMEREICAN INDIANS

The first Americans probably came to North America more the 200,000 years ago. We know few certain facts about that time. But we can guess that they must have had a hard life. The first Americans probably lived in small groups. The members of the groups may have depended on each other to get things they needed: Food, clothes, shelter, love and safety.

The first Americans: Twenty thousand years ago, the place we call the United States looked different from the way it looks today:

Thick forest stood in some places where there are now deserts.

Huge lakes covered some spots where there are now grass-covered plains

A giant sheet of ice, called glacier, spread across much of the country we now call Canada.

Twenty thousand years ago, large numbers of animals looked just as they do today. But other animals did not. A kind of beaver lived then that was a big as a bear. Giant mammoth hs, animals that looked something like the elephants of today, roamed the American plains.

There was even an American camel. It no longer lives anywhere on the earth.

Historians: Think the fisrt America come to North America from Siberia, an area in Asia, these men, woman, and children were probably hunters following the tracks of animals.

Today animals and people cannot simply walk on land from Siberia to North America. A narrow ribbon of water called the Bering Strait separates the two continents. But more than 20.000 years ago, some historians say the waters of Bering Sea and the Chukchi Sea were lower than they are now.

A piece of land stood above the water like a bridge. Animals crossed freely from Asia to North America on this land bridge. Wherever the animals went, the hunters followed closely behind. The animals roamed south out of Alaska. They came through a narrow, ice-free strip of Canada into the Great Plains Region of what is now the United States.

The Air of the American Great plains was wormer that of Alaska or Canada. Many animals liked to eat the plentiful grass of the Great Plains, so, they stopped their roaming. Many of the hunters decided to stay also.

Over the years, some of the hunters of the Great plains went west to live in the western plateau and the pacific mountain regions. Others went to live in the woodlands of the coastal and eastern plains and the Appalachian highlands.

The climate and natural vegetation changed.

By about 6.000 years ago the region we know today came about. Some kinds of animals like the mammoths, the giant beavers ant the north American camel could not adopted to this changed. They died up.

The hunters, could adopt. One reason was because the depended on groups to help them get their needs. The groups that adapted to the changes in North America were the people the Europeans met and called INDIANS

Landform

Regions: the american land is diverse, it´s divided into parts called regions. The United States may be divided into landform regions, that is, areas that have the same type of land throughout

• From east to west the most of the land near the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico is a plain.

Because of this, the region is called the coastal Plains Region.

Plain: An area of land that is mostly flat

Regions:

1. Pacific Mountain Region
2. Western Plateau Region
3. Rock Mountain Region
4. Great Plains Regions
5. Eastern Plains Regions
6. Interior Highland Region
7. Appalachian Highland Region
8. Coastal Plains Regions
9. Central Highland Region
10. Brooks Mountain Region
11. Arctic Plains Regions

JUDAISM

The term Jewish refers to religion or belief, tradition and culture of the Jewish people. It is the oldest of the three monotheistic religions spread (along with Christianity, and Islam), also known as "religions of the book" or "Abrahamic," and the least of which the number of faithful. Judaism is broken down, historically, the other two.

Although there is no single body that will systematize and fix the dogmatic content of Judaism, its practice is based on the teachings of the Torah, also called the Pentateuch, comprising, as its name suggests five books. The Torah or Pentateuch, in turn, is one of the three books that comprise the Tanakh (or Old Testament, according to Christianity), which is attributed to divine inspiration.

Founder Abraham
Maximum deity YHWH
Type monotheism, Abrahamic religion
Name and number of Jewish supporters, 13.2 million
Sacred text and the Talmud Torah
Liturgical Hebrew Language
Born in Mesopotamia, the Middle East
Holy Land Jerusalem, Israel, site of Solomon's Temple
Country with greatest number of Jews Israel
Corrientes Orthodox Judaism, Reform Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reconstructionist Judaism, secular Judaism
Star of David Symbol
Temples Synagogues
Clergy Rabbis
Related religions Christianity and Islam

Also plays an important role in religious practice oral tradition, as beliefs was given to Moses with the Torah and kept from his time and the prophets. Oral tradition governing the interpretation of the biblical text, the encoding and commentary of this tradition has given rise to the Mishnah, the Talmud and a huge body exegetical developed until.

The main feature of the Jewish faith is belief in an omniscient, omnipotent and provident, that would have created the universe and the Jewish people chose to reveal the law contained in the Ten Commandments and the ritual prescriptions of the third and fourth books of Torah. Consequently, the rules resulting from these texts and oral tradition is the guide to Jewish life, but compliance with them varies widely across groups.

The rich, the poor, the in-between

There is diversity in these three statements.

One person can easily get $15.00 for a new baseball mitt. Another must save for a long time to get the same mitt. Still another has no money to buy a candy bar.

The economic situation of the american people is like these statenents. The people of USA generally have more wealth than people of other nations.

• About 42 million American families have enough money to buy their own homes, most of the things they want.
• More than 26 million american cannot affort to buy all the food, clothing and housing they need.
• About 7 million americans who wanted work failed to find jobs.

Nine Americans, ten options

Americans have differing ideas about religion. Out of 215 million Americans, about 132 Million belong to one church or another.

Here are some statistics:

SECOND BIMESTER PROGRAM

One nation, many people

No two alike:

1 People of every description

2 The rich, the poor, the in-between

3 Nine Americans, Ten opinions.

Work and leisure:

1 Working

2 Carrers: your feelings about working

3Leisure

The land:

1 Landform Regions

2 Natural vegetation regions

3 Climates

4 Using latitude and longitude

Something shared:

1 A free people

2 Every person´s country

NO TWO ALIKE

The American people can from a hundred backgrounds. They think and live in a thousand ways. They do millions of jobs. Yet they are one people: Americans

People of every description

The people of any nation me be tall, short, thin, heavy, women, men, young, or old. In the United States, the American people are all of these things, and more. Americans may be White, black, Latino, Asian or American Indian. They may be rich or poor, famous or unknown to all but a few.

More than 215 million people belong to the nation called the Unite States of America. No Two of these people are exactly alike. Even identical twins differ from one another. Their families and friends can tell them apart by the way they speak the things they say, and how they say, and how they behave.

Homework:

Find the population statistics of the United States of America:

• White Americans
• Black Americans
• Latino Americans
• Asian Americans
• American Indians
• Americans under the age of 14 years
• Americans live in rural areas
• Americans between the age of 15 and 24
• Americans 15 years old or older

The industrial revolution in Wales

The industrial revolution in Wales
In 1801 Wales and mounmouthshire had a population of 587,245, fairly evenly distributed over the land, since the vast majority of the people were engaged in agriculture or in related occupation as the industrial revolution developed, and particularly after 1841 the rural exodus, accompanied by the of many which had supplemented the earnings of agriculture, led to an enormous concentration of Wales and mounmouthshire.
Trade unionism has long been a potent force in south Wales. The first important organization of miners and ironworkers was the union club, after its suppression in 1831 there came into existence a secret society, the scotch Cattle, whose symbol was a bull´s head and horns.
In the 1860s the amalgamated association of miners, a rival to the national miners union, ganied much support in Wales.

Wales

THE PRINCIPALITY OF WALES
Has an area of 7.474 sqmi,a population of 2,173,560.

Structure and physical features

· wlas is a hill country,composed almost entirely of paleozoic rocks much dissected by deep valleys.

Political Division

· anglesey
· bercovonshire
· cardiganshire
· carmar thenshire
· denbigshire
· flint
· glamorganshire
· merioneth
· montgomeryshire
· pembrokeshire
· radornshire
Religion
Classical references to religious cults in Pre-Roman Britain have been the petex for muchconjeture as to the nature of the Pre-Chistian relions of wales.
today the roman catholicism is still strong here and in the border counties.

Economic And Industrial Condition
Agriculture:

-tillage
-tempory and permanent grass
-wheat
-barley
-oats
-mixed corn
-fodder crops
Industry:
-Elictricity
-Crude petroleum
-Steel
-Fist eries

History of the United Kingdom

UNITED KINGDOM
The title of the former political unity composed of:
-England
-Wales
-Scotland
-Ireland northern
Officially adopted on January 1st, 1801, when the act of union between great Britain and Ireland came into force. The name great Britain has been used since the union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland in 1.707 as the official designation of the united countries.
When, in 1922, 26 Irish countries were severed from the United Kingdom and sended into dominion of the British empire under the name of the Irish free state, no provision was made in the act for any change in the royal style or in the title of the imperial parliament.
From 1922 onward, however, the tittle of United Kingdom of Great Britain and north ireland was frequently used in official documents to designate those parts of the British Isles represented in the imperial parliament, meeting at Westminster.

UNITED KINGDOM

SHIELD FLAG MAP OF THE UNITED KINGDOM